I Hear America Singing

Walt Whitman, 1819 - 1892

I hear America singing, the varied carols I hear,

Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strong,

The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam,

The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work,

The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck,

The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, the hatter singing as he stands,

The wood-cutter’s song, the ploughboy’s on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown,

The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing,

Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else,

The day what belongs to the day—at night the party of young fellows, robust, friendly,

Singing with open mouths their strong melodious songs.

WALT WHITMAN (1819-1892)

Walt Whitman was born on May 31, 1819, the second son of Walter Whitman, a housebuilder, and Louisa Van Velsor. The family, which consisted of nine children, lived in Brooklyn and Long Island in the 1820s and 1830s.
At the age of twelve, Whitman began to learn the printer’s trade, and fell in love with the written word. Largely self-taught, he read voraciously, becoming acquainted with the works of Homer, Dante, Shakespeare, and the Bible.
Whitman worked as a printer in New York City until a devastating fire in the printing district demolished the industry. In 1836, at the age of seventeen, he began his career as teacher in the one-room school houses of Long Island. He continued to teach until 1841, when he turned to journalism as a full-time career.
He founded a weekly newspaper, Long-Islander, and later edited a number of Brooklyn and New York papers. In 1848, Whitman left the Brooklyn Daily Eagle to become editor of the New Orleans Crescent. It was in New Orleans that he experienced firsthand the viciousness of slavery in the slave markets of that city. On his return to Brooklyn in the fall of 1848, he founded a “free soil” newspaper, the Brooklyn Freeman, and continued to develop the unique style of poetry that later so astonished Ralph Waldo Emerson.
In 1855, Whitman took out a copyright on the first edition of Leaves of Grass, which consisted of twelve untitled poems and a preface. He published the volume himself, and sent a copy to Emerson in July of 1855. Whitman released a second edition of the book in 1856, containing thirty-three poems, a letter from Emerson praising the first edition, and a long open letter by Whitman in response. During his lifetime, Whitman continued to refine the volume, publishing several more editions of the book. Noted Whitman scholar, M. Jimmie Killingsworth writes that “the ‘merge,' as Whitman conceived it, is the tendency of the individual self to overcome moral, psychological, and political boundaries. Thematically and poetically, the notion dominates the three major poems of 1855: ‘I Sing the Body Electric,' ‘The Sleepers,' and ‘Song of Myself,' all of which were ‘merged’ in the first edition under the single title Leaves of Grass but were demarcated by clear breaks in the text and the repetition of the title.”
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Whitman vowed to live a “purged” and “cleansed” life. He worked as a freelance journalist and visited the wounded at New York City–area hospitals. He then traveled to Washington, D. C. in December 1862 to care for his brother who had been wounded in the war.
Overcome by the suffering of the many wounded in Washington, Whitman decided to stay and work in the hospitals and stayed in the city for eleven years. He took a job as a clerk for the Department of the Interior, which ended when the Secretary of the Interior, James Harlan, discovered that Whitman was the author of Leaves of Grass, which Harlan found offensive. Harlan fired the poet.
Whitman struggled to support himself through most of his life. In Washington, he lived on a clerk’s salary and modest royalties, and spent any excess money, including gifts from friends, to buy supplies for the patients he nursed. He had also been sending money to his widowed mother and an invalid brother. From time to time writers both in the states and in England sent him “purses” of money so that he could get by.
In the early 1870s, Whitman settled in Camden, New Jersey, where he had come to visit his dying mother at his brother’s house. However, after suffering a stroke, Whitman found it impossible to return to Washington. He stayed with his brother until the 1882 publication of Leaves of Grass (James R. Osgood) gave Whitman enough money to buy a home in Camden.
In the simple two-story clapboard house, Whitman spent his declining years working on additions and revisions to a new edition of the book and preparing his final volume of poems and prose, Good-Bye, My Fancy (David McKay, 1891). After his death on March 26, 1892, Whitman was buried in a tomb he designed and had built on a lot in Harleigh Cemetery.
Along with Emily Dickinson, he is considered one of America’s most important poets.

CONSONANT

PLACE ARTICULATION

A. Bilabial

These are sound formed using both (= bi) upper and lower lips (= labia). The initial sounds in the word pat, bad, and mat are alls bilabials. They are presented by the symbols [p], which is voiceless, and [b] and [m], which are voiced. We can aalso describe the[w] sound found at the beginning of way, walk, and world ass a bilabial.

B. Labiodentals

These are sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. The initial sounds of the words fat and vat and the final sounds in the word safe and save are labiodentals. They are represented by the symbol [f], which is voiceless. And [v], which is voiced. Notice that the final sound in the word cough, and the initial sound in photo ,despite the spelling differences, are both pronounced as [f].

C. Dentals

These sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind and the upper front teeth. The initial sounds of thin and the final sound of bath are both voiceless dentals. The symbol used for this sound is [θ], ussualy reffered to as ”theta”. It is the symbol you would use for the first and last sounds in the phrasa three teeth.

The voice dental is represented by the symbol [ð], ussualy called “eth”. This sound is found in the pronounciation of the initial sound of common words like the, there, then and thus. It is also the middle consonant sound in feather and the final sound of bathe.

The term “interdentals” is sometimes used for these consonant when they are pronounced wiyh the tongue tip between (= inter) the upper and lower teeth.

D. Alveolars

These are sounds formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge, which is the rough, bony ridge immedietly behind and above the upper teeth. The initial sounds in top, dip,sit, zoo and nut are alls alveolars.the symbol for these sounds are easy to remember – [t],[d], [s], [z], [n]. Of these, [t] and [s] are voiceless whereas [d], [z], and [n] are voiced.

It may be clear that the final sound of the words buz and buzz have to be [s] and [z] respectively, but what about the final sound of the word raise? The spelling is misleading because the final sound in this word is voiced and so must be represented by [z] . notice also that despite the different spelling of knot and not, both of these words are pronounced with [n] as the initial sound.

Other alveolars are the [l] sound found at the beginning of words lap and lit, and the [r]sound at the beginning of right and write.

E. Palatals

If you feel behind the alveolar ridge, you should find a hard part in the roof of your mouth.this is called the hard palate or just the palate. Sound produce with the tongue and the palate are called palatals (or alveo-palatals). Examples of palatals are the initial sounds in the words shout and child, which are both voiceless. The “sh” sounds is presented as [∫] the “ch” sound is represented as [ʧ]. So, the word shoe-brush begins and ends with the voiceless palatal sound [∫] and the word church begins and ends with the other voiceless palatal sound [ʧ].

One of the voiced palatals, represented by the symbol [ʒ], is not very common in English, but can be found as the middle consonant sound in words like treasure and pleasure, or the final sound in rouge. The other voiced palatal is [ʤ], which is the initial sound in words like joke and gem. The word judge and the name george both begin and end with the sound [ʤ] despite the obvious differences in spelling.

One other voiced palatal is the [j] sound use at the beginning of wors you and yet.

F. Velars

Sounds produce with the back of the tongue againts the velum are called velars. There is voiceless velar sound, represented by the symbol [k], the initial sounds in kid, kill, car,and cold. Despite the variety in spelling, this [k] sound is both in initial and final sound in the words cook, kick, and coke.

The voiced velar sound heard at beginning of words go, gun, and give is represented by [g]. This is also the final sound in words bag, mug and despite the spelling , plague.

The velum can be lowered to allow air to flow through the nasal cavity and thereby produce another voiced velar, represented by symbol [ŋ], this sound is spelled as two letters “ng”. The [ŋ]sound is at the end of sing, sang and despite spelling, tongue.

G. Glottals

This is sound [h] which occurs at the beginning of have and house and, for most speakers, as the first sound in who and whose. This sound is ussualy described as a voiceless glottals.

Manner of articulation

v Plosives or stops : p b t d k g

Pin bin tin din kin gun

v Fricatives : f v θ ð s ∫ ʒ h

Fine vine think this seal sheep measure how

v Affricatives : ʧ ʤ

Chain Jane

v Nasals : m n ŋ

Sum sun sing

v Liquids :l r

Led red

v Glides :w j

Wet yet

Charting consonant sounds

bilabial

labiodental

dental

alveolar

palatal

velar

glottal

-v

Stops

Fricatives

∫

Affricatives

Nasal

Liquid

l r

Glides

VOWELS

While the consonant sounds are mostly articulated via closure or obstruction in the vocal tract, vowels sounds are produced with a relatively free flow of air. To talk about a place of articulation we think of the space inside the mouth as having a front versus a back and a high versus a low area. To describe vowels sound in English is like the chart that is shown below.

Front

Central

Back

High

Middle

Low

*Front vowels*		*Central vowels*		*Back vowels*
i	Bead, beef, key, me	ә	Above, oven, support	u	Boo, move, two, you
l	Bid, myth, women	ʌ	Butt, blood, dove, tough	ʊ	Book, could, put
ɛ	Bed, dead, said			ɔ	Born, caught, fall, raw
ӕ	Bad, laugh, wrap			ɑ	Bob, cot, swan

DIPHTHONGS

In addition to single vowel sounds, we regularly create sound that consist of a combination of two vowel sounds, known as diphthongs.

	Front	Central		Back

High	I			ʊ

Middle	e				o
					ɔ
Low			a

DIPHTHONGS

[ai] :buy, eye, I, pie, sigh [oʊ] :boat, home, throw, toe

[aʊ] :bought, doubt, cow [ɔi] :boy, noise

[ei] :bait, eight, great, late, say

VOKAL

Vokal adalah bunyi bahasa yang arus udaranya tidak mengalami rintangan dan kualitasnya ditentukan oleh tiga faktor: tinggi-rendahnya posisi lidah, bagian lidah yang dinaikan, dan bentuk bibir pada pembentukan vokal itu. Jika kita gambarkan dalam bentuk bagan, ragangan vokal adalah sebagai berikut;

Depan Tengah Belakang

Tinggi i u

Sedang e ә o

Rendah a

Di samping tinggi-rendah serta depan-belakang lidah seperti yang diigambarkan di atas, kualitas vokal juga dipengaruhi oleh bentuk bibir. Untuk vokal tertentu, seperti [a], bentuk bibir adalah normal, sedangkan untuk vokal [u] bibir dimajukan sedikit dan bentuknya agak bundar. Untuk bunyi seperti [i], sudut bibir direntangkan ke samping bentuknya melebar. Dengan tiga faktor itu bunyi vokal dapat berciri tinggi, depan, dan bibir terenttang, misalnya bunyi [i], atau tinggi, belakang, dan bibir bundar misalnnya bunyi [u].

KONSONAN

Bunyi konsonan dibuat dengan cara yang berbeda. Ada tiga faktor yang terlibat dalam hal ini: keadaan pita suara, penyentuhan atau pendekatan berbagai alat ucap,dan cara alat ucap itu bersentuhan atau berdekatan. Konsonan dikategorikan menjadi dua yaitu konsonan yaang tak bersuara, misalanya: [p] dan [t]. Dan konsonan yang bersuara, seperti : [b] dan [d].

Artikulasi

A. Bilabial

Bunyi yang dihasilkan ketika dua bibir terkatup, daerah artikulasinya adalah bibir atas, sedangkan bibir bawah bertindak sebagai artikulator. Contohnya: [p], [b] dan [m].

B. Labiodental

Bunyi yang dihasilkan ketika bibir bawah bersentuhan dengan ujung gigi atas. Contohnya : [f]

C. Alveolar

Bunyi yang dibentuk dengan ujung lidah, atau daun lidah, menyentuh atau mendekati gusi; misalnya: [t], [d], dan [s]

D. Dental

Bunyi yang dibentuk dengan ujung lidah menyentuh atau mendekati gigi atas. Misalnya : [t],[d] untuk sebagai penutur.

E. Palatal

Bunyi yang dibentuk dengan lidah menyentuh atau mendekati langit-langit keras. Contohnya: [c], [j] dan [y].

F. Velar

Bunyi yang dihasilkan dengan belakang lidah yang menyentuh atau mendekati pada langit-langit lunak. Contohnya : [k] dan [g].

G. Glotal (hamzah)

Bunyi yang dihasilkan dengan pita suara dirapatkan sehingga arus udara dari paru-paru tertahan. Contoh : bunyi yang memisahkan bunyi [a] yang pertama dan bunyi [a] yang kedua pada kata saat.

Konsonan dalam bahasa Indonesia dapat disajikan dalam bagan berikut ini.

Daerah artikulasi Cara artikulasi		Bilabial	labiodental	Dental/ alveolar	palatal	velar	glotal
Hambat	Tak bersuara bersuara	p b		t d		k g
Afkat	Tak bersuara Bersuara				c j
Frikatif	Tak bersuara Bersuara		f	s z		x	h
Nasal	Bersuara	m		n	n
Getar	Bersuara			r
Lateral	Bersuara			l
semivokal	bersuara	w			y

DIFTONG

Diftong adalah vokal yang berubah kualitasnya pada saat pengucapannya. Dalam sistem tulisan diftong biasa dilambangkan oleh dua huruf vokal. Contoh : harimau, grafem <au> pada suku kata maw tidak dapat dipisahkan menjadi ma-u. Diftong berbeda dari deretan vokal. Tiap-tiap vokal pada deretan vokal mendapat hembusan napas yang sama atau hampir sama; kedua vokal itu termasuk dalam dua suku kata yang berbeda.

Dalam bahasa Indonesia terdapat tiga buah diftong, yakni : /ay/, /aw/, dan /oy/ yang masing-masing dapat dituliskan : ai, au dan oi. Kedua huruf vokal pada diftong melambangkan satu bunyi vokalyang tidak dapa dipisahkan. Hal itu harus dibedakan dari deretan dua vokal yang berjejer.

Diftong : /ay/ /sungay/ sungai

/aw/ /harimaw/ harimau

/oy/ /sekoy/ sekoi

Deretan biasa : /ai/ /gulai/ gulai(diberi gula)

/au/ /mau/ mau

/oi/ /mәnjagoi/ menjagoi

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I HEAR AMERICA SINGING by Walt Whitman

I Hear America Singing

Walt Whitman, 1819 - 1892

Senin, 09 Mei 2016

Place of articulation inggris dan Indonesia