Place of articulation inggris dan Indonesia

CONSONANT

PLACE ARTICULATION

A.      Bilabial

These are sound formed using both (= bi) upper and lower lips (= labia). The initial sounds in the word pat, bad, and mat are alls bilabials. They are presented by the symbols [p], which is voiceless, and [b] and [m], which are voiced. We can aalso describe the[w] sound found at the beginning of way, walk, and world ass a bilabial.

B.      Labiodentals

 These are sounds formed with the upper  teeth and the lower lip. The initial sounds of the words fat and vat and the final sounds in the word safe and save are labiodentals. They are represented by the symbol [f], which is voiceless. And [v], which is voiced. Notice that the final sound in the word cough, and the initial sound in photo ,despite the spelling differences, are both pronounced as [f].

C.      Dentals

These sounds are formed with the tongue tip behind and the upper  front teeth. The initial sounds of  thin and the final sound of  bath  are both voiceless dentals. The symbol used for this sound is [θ], ussualy reffered to as ”theta”. It is the symbol you would use for the first and last sounds in the phrasa three teeth.

The voice dental is represented by the symbol [ð], ussualy called “eth”. This sound is found in the pronounciation of the initial sound of common words like the, there, then and thus. It is also the middle consonant sound in feather  and the final sound of bathe.

The term “interdentals” is sometimes used for these consonant when they are pronounced wiyh the tongue tip between (= inter) the upper and lower  teeth.

D.      Alveolars

These are sounds formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge, which is the rough, bony ridge immedietly behind and above the upper  teeth. The initial sounds in top, dip,sit, zoo and  nut are alls alveolars.the symbol for  these sounds are easy to remember – [t],[d], [s], [z], [n]. Of these, [t] and [s] are voiceless whereas [d], [z], and [n] are voiced.

It may be clear that the final sound of the words buz  and buzz have to be [s] and [z] respectively, but what  about the final sound of the word raise? The spelling is misleading because the final sound in this word is voiced and so must be represented by [z] . notice also that despite the different spelling of knot and not, both of these words are pronounced with [n] as the initial sound.

Other alveolars are the [l] sound found at the beginning of words lap and lit, and the [r]sound at the beginning of right  and write.

E.       Palatals

If you feel behind the alveolar ridge, you should find a hard part in the roof of your mouth.this is called the hard palate or just the palate. Sound produce with the tongue and the palate are called palatals (or alveo-palatals). Examples of palatals are the initial sounds in the words shout and child, which are both voiceless. The “sh” sounds is presented as [∫] the “ch” sound is represented as [ʧ]. So, the word shoe-brush begins and ends with the voiceless palatal sound [∫] and the word church begins and ends with the other voiceless palatal sound [ʧ].

One of the voiced palatals, represented by the symbol [ʒ], is not very common in English, but can be found as the middle consonant sound in words like treasure and pleasure, or the final sound in  rouge.  The other voiced palatal is [ʤ], which is the initial sound in words like joke  and gem. The word judge  and the name george both begin and end with the sound [ʤ] despite the obvious differences in spelling.

One other voiced palatal is the [j] sound use at the beginning of wors you and yet.

F.       Velars

Sounds produce with the back of the tongue againts the velum are called velars. There is voiceless velar sound, represented by the symbol [k], the initial sounds in kid, kill, car,and cold. Despite the variety in spelling, this [k] sound is both in initial and final sound in the words cook, kick, and coke.

The voiced velar sound heard at beginning of words go, gun, and give is represented by [g]. This is also the final sound in words bag, mug and despite the spelling , plague.

The velum can be lowered to allow air to flow through the nasal cavity and thereby produce another voiced velar, represented by symbol [ŋ], this sound is spelled as two letters “ng”. The [ŋ]sound is at the end of sing, sang and despite spelling, tongue.

G.    Glottals

This is sound [h] which occurs at the beginning of have and house and, for most speakers, as the first sound in who and whose. This sound is ussualy described as a voiceless glottals.

Manner of articulation

v  Plosives or stops         : p        b         t          d         k         g

 Pin      bin       tin        din       kin       gun

v  Fricatives                    : f         v         θ         ð         s          ∫          ʒ                    h

 Fine    vine     think    this     seal      sheep   measure         how

v  Affricatives                : ʧ                    ʤ

 Chain              Jane

v  Nasals                         : m       n          ŋ

 Sum    sun       sing

v  Liquids                       :l          r

Led      red

v  Glides                         :w        j

Wet      yet

Charting consonant sounds

bilabial

labiodental

dental

alveolar

palatal

velar

glottal

-v

v+

-v

v+

-v

v+

-v

v+

-v

v+

-v

v+

-v

v+

Stops

P

b

t

d

K

g

Fricatives

f

v

θ

ð

s

z

∫

ʒ

h

Affricatives

ʧ

ʤ

Nasal

m

n

ŋ

Liquid

l   r

Glides

w

j

VOWELS

While the consonant sounds are mostly articulated via closure or obstruction in the vocal tract, vowels  sounds are produced with a relatively free flow of air. To talk about a place of articulation we think of the space inside the mouth as having a front versus a back and a high versus a low area. To describe vowels sound in English is like the chart that is shown below.

Front

Central

Back

i

u

High

I

ʊ

Middle

e

ә

o

ɛ

ʌ

ɔ

Low

ӕ

ɑ

Front vowels		Central vowels		Back vowels
i	Bead, beef, key, me	ә	Above, oven, support	u	Boo, move, two, you
l	Bid, myth, women	ʌ	Butt, blood, dove, tough	ʊ	Book, could, put
ɛ	Bed, dead, said			ɔ	Born, caught, fall, raw
ӕ	Bad, laugh, wrap			ɑ	Bob, cot, swan

DIPHTHONGS

In addition to single vowel sounds, we regularly create sound that consist of a combination of two vowel sounds, known as diphthongs.

		Front				Central				Back
High		I								ʊ
Middle		e									o
											ɔ
Low							a

DIPHTHONGS

[ai]         :buy, eye, I, pie, sigh                       [oʊ]       :boat, home, throw, toe

[aʊ]        :bought, doubt, cow                      [ɔi]         :boy, noise

[ei]         :bait, eight, great, late, say

VOKAL

Vokal adalah bunyi bahasa yang arus udaranya tidak mengalami rintangan dan kualitasnya ditentukan oleh tiga faktor: tinggi-rendahnya posisi lidah, bagian lidah yang dinaikan, dan bentuk bibir pada pembentukan vokal itu. Jika kita gambarkan dalam bentuk bagan, ragangan vokal adalah sebagai berikut;

                                                Depan                      Tengah                Belakang

 

                             Tinggi                    i                                               u

                               

                                    Sedang                             e                  ә         o

                                                Rendah                                                a

Di samping tinggi-rendah serta depan-belakang lidah seperti yang diigambarkan di atas, kualitas vokal juga dipengaruhi oleh bentuk bibir. Untuk vokal tertentu, seperti [a], bentuk bibir adalah normal, sedangkan untuk vokal [u] bibir dimajukan sedikit dan bentuknya agak bundar. Untuk bunyi seperti [i], sudut bibir direntangkan ke samping bentuknya melebar. Dengan tiga faktor itu bunyi vokal dapat berciri tinggi, depan, dan bibir terenttang, misalnya bunyi [i], atau tinggi, belakang, dan bibir bundar misalnnya bunyi [u].

KONSONAN

Bunyi konsonan dibuat dengan cara yang berbeda. Ada tiga faktor yang terlibat dalam hal ini: keadaan pita suara, penyentuhan atau pendekatan berbagai alat ucap,dan cara alat ucap itu bersentuhan atau berdekatan. Konsonan dikategorikan menjadi dua yaitu konsonan yaang tak bersuara, misalanya: [p] dan [t]. Dan konsonan yang bersuara, seperti : [b] dan [d].

Artikulasi

A.      Bilabial

Bunyi yang dihasilkan ketika dua bibir terkatup, daerah artikulasinya adalah bibir atas, sedangkan bibir bawah bertindak sebagai artikulator. Contohnya: [p], [b] dan [m].

B.      Labiodental

Bunyi yang dihasilkan ketika bibir bawah bersentuhan dengan ujung gigi atas. Contohnya : [f]

C.      Alveolar

Bunyi yang dibentuk dengan ujung lidah, atau daun lidah, menyentuh atau mendekati gusi; misalnya: [t], [d], dan [s]

D.      Dental

Bunyi yang dibentuk dengan ujung lidah menyentuh atau mendekati gigi atas. Misalnya : [t],[d] untuk sebagai penutur.

E.       Palatal

Bunyi yang dibentuk dengan lidah menyentuh atau mendekati langit-langit keras. Contohnya: [c], [j] dan [y].

F.       Velar

Bunyi yang dihasilkan dengan belakang lidah yang menyentuh atau mendekati pada langit-langit lunak. Contohnya : [k] dan [g].

G.     Glotal (hamzah)

Bunyi yang dihasilkan dengan pita suara dirapatkan sehingga arus udara dari paru-paru tertahan. Contoh : bunyi yang memisahkan bunyi [a] yang pertama dan bunyi [a] yang kedua pada kata saat.

Konsonan dalam bahasa Indonesia dapat disajikan dalam bagan berikut ini.

Daerah artikulasi Cara artikulasi		Bilabial	labiodental	Dental/ alveolar	palatal	velar	glotal
Hambat	Tak bersuara bersuara	p b		t d		k g
Afkat	Tak bersuara Bersuara				c j
Frikatif	Tak bersuara Bersuara		f	s z		x	h
Nasal	Bersuara	m		n	n
Getar	Bersuara			r
Lateral	Bersuara			l
semivokal	bersuara	w			y

DIFTONG

Diftong adalah vokal yang berubah kualitasnya pada saat pengucapannya. Dalam sistem tulisan diftong biasa dilambangkan oleh dua huruf vokal. Contoh : harimau, grafem <au> pada suku kata maw tidak dapat dipisahkan menjadi ma-u. Diftong berbeda dari deretan vokal. Tiap-tiap vokal pada deretan vokal mendapat hembusan napas yang sama atau hampir sama; kedua vokal itu termasuk dalam dua suku kata yang berbeda.

Dalam bahasa Indonesia terdapat tiga buah diftong, yakni : /ay/, /aw/, dan /oy/ yang masing-masing dapat dituliskan : ai, au dan oi. Kedua huruf vokal pada diftong melambangkan satu bunyi vokalyang tidak dapa dipisahkan. Hal itu harus dibedakan dari deretan dua vokal yang berjejer.

Diftong                 : /ay/     /sungay/              sungai

                                 /aw/     /harimaw/          harimau

                                 /oy/      /sekoy/                                sekoi

Deretan biasa    : /ai/      /gulai/                   gulai(diberi gula)

                                 /au/      /mau/                   mau

                                 /oi/       /mәnjagoi/         menjagoi